ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the effect of β-blocker in hypertension patients with different basic heart rate (HR). Methods: A total of 191 hypertension patients without using β-blocker were enrolled. Based on different basic HR, the patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A: HR (70-79) beats/min, n=58, Group B: HR (80-89) beats/min, n=90 and Group C: HR≥90 beats/min, n=43. All patients received metoprolol extended release at 47.5 mg/d for 2 weeks, for those didn't reach the target HR, 23.75 mg/d was added as 71.25 mg/d for 4 weeks, for those still didn't reach target HR, the dose was added to 95 mg/d, total length of medication was 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and HR were measured every 2 weeks in all patients. Results: 62％ patients had basic HR>80 beats/min, 36％ had basic HR>85 beats/min and 20％ had basic HR>90 beats/min. The average dose of metoprolol was (59.7±17.0) mg/d. HR decreased in 3 groups after medication, all P<0.05. The reducing level in Group C was (29.3±7.8) beats/min, in Group B was (18.7±4.9) beats/min and in Group A was (11.0±4.0) beats/min, P<0.05; upon HR elevating 10 beats/minute, metoprolol caused HR reducing may increase 7.9％. BP was similar among 3 groups before and after medication, P>0.05. The average HR decreasing levels in patients with metoprolol 47.5 mg/d, 71.25 mg/d and 95 mg/d were (17.6±8.1) beats/min, (19.5±8.7) beats/min and (22.5±9.2) beats/min respectively; upon dose elevated to 71.25 mg/d and 95 mg/d, metoprolol caused HR reducing may increase10.8％ and 27.8％. 1 patient had sinus bradycardia and 1 had dizziness during medication, the symptoms improved by dose reducing or drug withdrawal.Conclusion: About 2/3 hypertension patients had basic HR>80 beats/min, metoprolol could cause more HR reducing in patients with the faster basic HR. Metoprolol (47.5-95) mg/d was safe and effective in hypertension patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the effect of β-blocker in hypertension patients with different basic heart rate (HR). Methods: A total of 191 hypertension patients without using β-blocker were enrolled. Based on different basic HR, the patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A: HR (70-79) beats/min, n=58, Group B: HR (80-89) beats/min, n=90 and Group C: HR≥90 beats/min, n=43. All patients received metoprolol extended release at 47.5 mg/d for 2 weeks, for those didn't reach the target HR, 23.75 mg/d was added as 71.25 mg/d for 4 weeks, for those still didn't reach target HR, the dose was added to 95 mg/d, total length of medication was 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and HR were measured every 2 weeks in all patients. Results: 62％ patients had basic HR>80 beats/min, 36％ had basic HR>85 beats/min and 20％ had basic HR>90 beats/min. The average dose of metoprolol was (59.7±17.0) mg/d. HR decreased in 3 groups after medication, all P<0.05. The reducing level in Group C was (29.3±7.8) beats/min, in Group B was (18.7±4.9) beats/min and in Group A was (11.0±4.0) beats/min, P<0.05; upon HR elevating 10 beats/minute, metoprolol caused HR reducing may increase 7.9％. BP was similar among 3 groups before and after medication, P>0.05. The average HR decreasing levels in patients with metoprolol 47.5 mg/d, 71.25 mg/d and 95 mg/d were (17.6±8.1) beats/min, (19.5±8.7) beats/min and (22.5±9.2) beats/min respectively; upon dose elevated to 71.25 mg/d and 95 mg/d, metoprolol caused HR reducing may increase10.8％ and 27.8％. 1 patient had sinus bradycardia and 1 had dizziness during medication, the symptoms improved by dose reducing or drug withdrawal.Conclusion: About 2/3 hypertension patients had basic HR>80 beats/min, metoprolol could cause more HR reducing in patients with the faster basic HR. Metoprolol (47.5-95) mg/d was safe and effective in hypertension patients.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find an approach for trans-oral endoscopic thyroidectomy (TOET) and cervical lymphadenectomy using conventional endoscopic surgical instruments on frozen fresh cadavers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six frozen fresh cadavers were used in three groups of trans-oral trocar installation experiments: oral vestibule installation, sublingual region installation, and combined bi-vestibular and sublingual installation. TOET (with pretrachealis method to thyroid fixation removal) and cervical lymphadenectomy were performed experiments on another 6 frozen fresh cadavers using the best access approach found in the aforementioned experiments.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In oral vestibule trocar installations, the trocars caused large lacerated wound and damaged air tightness. In sublingual installations, only one trocar could be installed in the sublingual area because the space in sublingual area was limited. In combined bi-vestibular and sublingual installations, no gland, vessel or nerve was damaged. Combined bi-vestibular and sublingual access were selected as the surgical approach on the basic of analysis the merits of each approach. TOET and cervical lymphadenectomy in area III, IV, VI, VII were performed without making any accessory damage through combined bi-vestibular and sublingual access approach.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TOET is feasible. Combined bi-vestibular and sublingual approach is available for TOET. Part of the cervical lymph nodes could be resected. Pretrachealis approach to thyroid fixation removal can still be used.</p>